Introduction: The Timeless Allure of Ancient Thebes
Welcome to Luxor—the modern incarnation of ancient Thebes, the glorious capital of Egypt's New Kingdom pharaohs. For active travelers seeking to understand one of humanity's greatest civilizations, Luxor represents the ultimate open-air museum, a place where you can literally walk in the footsteps of pharaohs, priests, and artisans who shaped history over 3,500 years ago. This comprehensive 2026 guide is designed specifically for travelers who want more than a passive touristic experience; it's for those ready to engage physically and intellectually with the monumental legacy of Egypt's golden age.
Divided by the life-giving Nile, Luxor's two banks represent the ancient Egyptian duality of life and death, sunrise and sunset, earthly existence and eternal afterlife. The East Bank, domain of the living, hosts the magnificent temple complexes of Karnak and Luxor where gods were worshipped and festivals celebrated. The West Bank, realm of the dead, contains the royal necropolises where pharaohs were buried with unimaginable treasure and elaborate rituals ensured their journey to immortality. Understanding this fundamental division is key to appreciating Luxor's archaeological wonders [citation:5][citation:7].
Valley of the Kings
The royal burial ground of New Kingdom pharaohs, featuring over 60 elaborate tombs carved into limestone cliffs.
Karnak Temple
The largest religious complex ever built, developed over 2,000 years, dedicated to the Theban triad of gods.
Hatshepsut Temple
The stunning mortuary temple of Egypt's female pharaoh, dramatically set against towering cliffs at Deir el-Bahari.
Luxor Temple
The graceful temple complex in the heart of modern Luxor, connected to Karnak by the ancient Avenue of Sphinxes.
Experience Luxor Through a Photographer's Lens
As Egypt's premier photography tour company, we transform standard sightseeing into a creative journey. Our guided tours combine expert Egyptological knowledge with professional photographic guidance, ensuring you capture Luxor's magic while understanding its profound historical significance. Don't just visit—create and comprehend.
Explore Our Luxor Photography ToursChapter 1: Understanding Luxor's Historical Significance
To truly appreciate Luxor, one must first understand its historical context. Ancient Thebes rose to prominence during the Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BCE) but reached its zenith in the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1069 BCE), when it served as the political, religious, and military capital of an empire stretching from Nubia to Syria. The pharaohs of this period—including Thutmose III, Hatshepsut, Amenhotep III, Seti I, and Ramesses II—commissioned the monumental structures that define Luxor today, investing staggering resources to honor their gods and ensure their own immortality [citation:7].
The West Bank: Domain of Eternity
The west side of the Nile held profound symbolic meaning for ancient Egyptians. As the sun set in the west, this direction became associated with death, the afterlife, and the realm of Osiris, god of the underworld. Consequently, the West Bank developed as a vast necropolis—a city of the dead containing royal tombs, mortuary temples, and burial sites for nobles and artisans. This was not a place of mourning but one of elaborate ritual and preparation for eternal life, reflected in the exquisite art and architecture that survives today.
Key West Bank Sites:
- Valley of the Kings: The principal burial ground for New Kingdom pharaohs
- Valley of the Queens: Burial site for royal wives and children
- Deir el-Medina: Village of the tomb builders and artisans
- Nobles' Tombs: Elaborate burial chambers of high officials
- Mortuary Temples: Ritual complexes where deceased pharaohs were worshipped
The East Bank: Realm of the Living
In contrast, the east symbolized birth, life, and resurrection—the direction of the rising sun reborn each morning. The East Bank housed the bustling city of Thebes itself, with its palaces, administrative centers, and most importantly, the great state temples where the living worshipped Egypt's gods. These temples were not merely places of prayer but economic powerhouses, political centers, and stages for elaborate festivals that reinforced the cosmic order and the pharaoh's divine role within it.
Key East Bank Sites:
- Karnak Temple Complex: The religious heart of Egypt for 2,000 years
- Luxor Temple: The "southern sanctuary" connected to Karnak
- Avenue of Sphinxes: The 2.7 km processional way linking the two temples
- Luxor Museum: Modern museum housing select masterpieces from the area
- Mummification Museum: Dedicated to ancient Egyptian preservation techniques
Chapter 2: The West Bank – Exploring the Realm of the Dead
2.1 Valley of the Kings: Pharaohs' Final Resting Place
The Valley of the Kings (known in ancient times as "The Great and Majestic Necropolis of the Millions of Years of the Pharaoh") is undoubtedly Luxor's most famous attraction. This arid valley hidden behind the Theban cliffs contains 63 known royal tombs (with more potentially undiscovered) carved deep into the limestone. The isolation and natural pyramid shape of the peak above (known as el-Qurn) made this an ideal hidden burial site, though most tombs were eventually robbed in antiquity. What remains today are the breathtakingly preserved wall paintings and hieroglyphic texts that guided pharaohs through the underworld [citation:1][citation:7].
Active Traveler Tip: Tomb Strategy
The standard ticket includes entry to three tombs (excluding Tutankhamun's). To maximize your experience: (1) Visit early (opens 6 AM) to avoid crowds and heat, (2) Research which tombs are open (rotating schedule for conservation), (3) Prioritize based on preservation quality—KV9 (Ramesses VI) and KV11 (Ramesses III) are particularly stunning, (4) Consider the extra ticket for Tutankhamun (KV62) to see his mummy, though the tomb's decorations are minimal compared to others.
| Tomb | Pharaoh | Dynasty | Highlights | Photography Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KV9 (Ramesses VI) | Ramesses VI | 20th | Exceptionally preserved astronomical ceiling, complete Book of Gates | Tripod prohibited, high ISO needed, no flash allowed |
| KV11 (Ramesses III) | Ramesses III | 20th | Elaborate reliefs of daily life, harpist scene, extended length | Good light in first corridors, darker chambers challenging |
| KV14 (Tausret/Setnakhte) | Tausret & Setnakhte | 19th/20th | Double tomb, unusual layout, well-preserved colors | Wide-angle useful for corridor shots |
| KV62 (Tutankhamun) | Tutankhamun | 18th | Famous discovery site, mummy on display, modest decorations | Small space, often crowded, mummy photography sometimes restricted |
| KV17 (Seti I) | Seti I | 19th | Longest tomb in valley, exquisite reliefs, astronomical ceiling | Currently open limitedly, special ticket required |
📸 Photography Insight: Capturing Tomb Art
The low-light environment of tombs presents both challenge and opportunity. Without flash (always prohibited to preserve pigments), you'll need to: (1) Use a fast lens (f/2.8 or wider), (2) Increase ISO (1600-3200 acceptable on modern cameras), (3) Stabilize against walls (tripods usually not allowed), (4) Focus on details—individual figures, hieroglyphic patterns, ceiling decorations. The painted reliefs have survived 3,300+ years—help preserve them by never touching surfaces.
2.2 Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari
The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (known as Djeser-Djeseru, "Holy of Holies") is an architectural masterpiece that seems to grow organically from the towering limestone cliffs of Deir el-Bahari. Commissioned by the female pharaoh Hatshepsut (c. 1479–1458 BCE), who ruled as king though traditionally Egypt's throne was male, the temple represents both a political statement and spiritual monument. Its three colonnaded terraces connected by ramps create a harmonious symmetry unique in Egyptian architecture, while the reliefs inside document Hatshepsut's divine birth, trading expedition to Punt, and legitimization of her rule [citation:2][citation:7].
Active Traveler Tip: Beating the Crowds
Hatshepsut's Temple receives massive tour groups mid-morning. For a more contemplative experience: (1) Arrive at opening (6 AM) when the morning light beautifully illuminates the terraces, (2) Explore the upper terrace first while most visitors are below, (3) Don't miss the Chapel of Hathor (left side) with its unique column capitals, (4) The hike to the viewpoint above the temple (guided only) offers spectacular panoramas but requires good fitness.
2.3 The Colossi of Memnon and Beyond
These two massive seated statues of Pharaoh Amenhotep III (c. 1386–1349 BCE) once guarded the entrance to his mortuary temple, the largest ever built on the West Bank (mostly destroyed by earthquakes and quarrying). Standing 18 meters tall and each carved from a single block of quartzite sandstone, the Colossi have witnessed Theban history for 3,400 years. In Greco-Roman times, the northern statue was famous for "singing" at dawn (likely caused by temperature changes cracking the stone), attracting visitors including the Roman Emperor Hadrian. Today, they serve as imposing sentinels and your likely first West Bank photo opportunity [citation:5][citation:7].
Beyond the Main Sites: West Bank Hidden Gems
While most tours focus on the "big three" (Valley of the Kings, Hatshepsut, Colossi), active travelers with extra time should consider these less-visited treasures:
Valley of the Queens:
Home to around 90 tombs of royal wives, children, and occasionally high officials. The stunning tomb of Nefertari (QV66), wife of Ramesses II, features what many consider the finest paintings in Egypt (requires special expensive ticket and often advance booking). More accessible is the tomb of Amunherkhepeshef (QV55), Ramesses III's son, with beautiful well-preserved decorations.
Deir el-Medina:
The village of the artisans who built and decorated the royal tombs. This exceptionally well-preserved settlement offers insight into daily life of skilled workers. The tomb of Sennedjem (TT1) here contains vibrant agricultural scenes of the afterlife that feel remarkably immediate and personal compared to royal tombs.
Nobles' Tombs:
Scattered across the foothills, these tombs of high officials like Ramose (TT55) and Nakht (TT52) depict extraordinarily detailed scenes of daily life—banquets, farming, crafts—providing a complement to the more ritualistic royal tombs. The colors are often better preserved due to less exposure to moisture and visitors.
Why Choose Our Photography-Focused Luxor Tours
Dual Expertise
Our guides are both certified Egyptologists and accomplished photographers. You get historical context AND technical guidance for capturing perfect shots at golden hour, in challenging tomb lighting, and at unique angles most visitors miss.
Strategic Timing
We schedule site visits based on optimal lighting conditions and crowd patterns, not just convenience. Experience the Valley of the Kings in early morning tranquility and Karnak's columns glowing in late afternoon sun.
Beyond the Obvious
While covering must-see sites, we include access to less-visited areas and viewpoints that offer unique photographic opportunities and more intimate engagement with Luxor's wonders.
Chapter 3: The East Bank – Temples of the Living Gods
3.1 Karnak Temple Complex: The Greatest Building Project in History
To say Karnak is a temple is like calling New York City a village—technically true but missing the scale entirely. Karnak is actually a vast complex of temples, chapels, pylons, obelisks, and sacred lakes built, modified, and expanded by approximately 30 pharaohs over 2,000 years. At its peak, it was the most important religious site in Egypt, the earthly home of Amun-Ra (king of the gods), and the recipient of tribute from an empire. Walking through Karnak is traversing a timeline of Egyptian art, architecture, and theology from the Middle Kingdom through the Ptolemaic period [citation:5][citation:7].
Active Traveler Tip: Navigating Karnak
Karnak's sheer size (over 100 hectares) can overwhelm. Strategic exploration: (1) Enter through the First Pylon (latest addition, never finished), (2) Proceed to the Great Hypostyle Hall (134 massive columns), (3) Continue to the obelisks of Hatshepsut (only one still standing), (4) Explore the quieter precincts of Mut (south) and Montu (north), (5) Don't miss the Sacred Lake (used for ritual purification), (6) Consider the sound and light show at night for a completely different atmosphere.
| Karnak Area | Historical Period | Key Features | Time Recommended |
|---|---|---|---|
| Precinct of Amun-Ra | Middle Kingdom - Ptolemaic | Great Hypostyle Hall, Obelisks, Sacred Lake | 2-3 hours |
| Precinct of Mut | 18th Dynasty - Roman | Temple of Mut, hundreds of Sekhmet statues | 45 minutes |
| Precinct of Montu | Middle Kingdom - Ptolemaic | Temple of Montu, smaller and less restored | 30 minutes |
| Open-Air Museum | Various (reconstructed) | White Chapel of Senusret I, Red Chapel of Hatshepsut | 1 hour |
📸 Photography Insight: Karnak's Columns and Light
The Great Hypostyle Hall offers some of Egypt's most dramatic photographic opportunities. Best shots: (1) Late afternoon when sun rays slice between columns creating dramatic shadows, (2) Wide-angle from ground level emphasizing column height, (3) Details of hieroglyphic inscriptions at eye level, (4) Looking up at column capitals from directly beneath, (5) The avenue of ram-headed sphinxes at golden hour. For unique perspectives, our photography tours know exactly where and when to capture Karnak's grandeur.
3.2 Luxor Temple: Graceful Symmetry in the City Heart
While Karnak overwhelms with scale and complexity, Luxor Temple charms with elegant proportions and harmonious design. Built primarily by Amenhotep III (c. 1380–1350 BCE) and added to by Tutankhamun, Horemheb, and most notably Ramesses II (who added the massive first pylon and court), this temple served as the southern "harem" of the god Amun and the stage for the annual Opet Festival. During this celebration, the statues of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu traveled from Karnak to Luxor Temple along the Avenue of Sphinxes, reenacting the marriage of Amun and Mut and regenerating the pharaoh's divine power [citation:5].
Active Traveler Tip: Evening Magic
Luxor Temple is uniquely beautiful at night when strategically lit against the dark sky. The stone glows warmly, shadows accentuate reliefs, and crowds thin considerably. Visit: (1) Just before sunset to experience both day and night atmospheres, (2) Notice the later additions—Roman sanctuary, Abu Haggag mosque (still active) built atop ruins, (3) Walk the recently excavated Avenue of Sphinxes connecting to Karnak (about 3 km, best in early morning or evening).
3.3 Luxor Museum & Mummification Museum
For context between temple visits, these two modern museums provide essential perspective. The Luxor Museum (on the corniche) displays a carefully curated selection of Theban artifacts in a well-lit, air-conditioned setting. Highlights include royal statues from the Luxor Temple cachette, the reconstructed wall of Akhenaten's Karnak buildings, and the mummies of Ahmose I and Ramesses I. The smaller Mummification Museum (also on the corniche) fascinatingly details the processes, tools, and religious beliefs surrounding preservation of the dead, with actual mummies of humans and animals.
Chapter 4: Practical Planning for Active Travelers (2026 Edition)
4.1 When to Visit: Seasons and Crowds
Luxor's climate significantly impacts your experience. The ideal visiting windows are:
Best Time: October to April
- October-November: Pleasant temperatures (70-85°F/21-29°C), smaller crowds after peak summer
- December-January: Coolest months (50-75°F/10-24°C), but peak tourist season—book everything early
- February-April: Warming up (65-90°F/18-32°C), generally comfortable with moderate crowds
Challenging but Possible: May to September
- Extreme heat (90-115°F/32-46°C) necessitates very early starts and afternoon breaks
- Significantly fewer tourists and lower prices
- Our photography tours adjust schedules for summer visits—starting at dawn, focusing on indoor/tomb sites during midday heat
4.2 Getting Around: Transportation Options
Nile Crossing:
The most authentic (and fun) way to reach the West Bank is by local ferry (running constantly from near Luxor Temple, cost about 5 EGP). Alternatively, tour buses use the road bridge north of the city. For a special experience, consider a sunrise felucca ride across the Nile.
West Bank Transportation:
- Taxi/Minivan: Can be hired for the day (negotiate price beforehand, typically 300-500 EGP)
- Bicycle: Adventurous option (rentals available), but distances between sites are substantial and summer heat punishing
- Donkey/Camel: Tourist novelty for short distances, not practical for full exploration
- Our Tour Advantage: All transportation included in private air-conditioned vehicles with chilled water
Essential 2026 Ticket Information
Ticket prices and policies change frequently. As of 2026:
Individual Site Tickets:
- Valley of the Kings: 400 EGP (includes 3 tombs, excludes Tutankhamun)
- Tutankhamun's Tomb (KV62): Additional 500 EGP
- Hatshepsut Temple: 300 EGP
- Karnak Temple: 400 EGP
- Luxor Temple: 300 EGP
- Luxor Museum: 300 EGP
Important Notes:
- Student discounts (50%) available with valid ISIC card
- Credit cards increasingly accepted, but carry Egyptian pounds as backup
- Opening hours typically 6 AM–5 PM (4 PM in winter), some sites close earlier
- Camera tickets (for professional equipment) may be required—our tours handle this
4.3 What to Pack: The Active Traveler's Checklist
Essential Gear:
- Footwear: Sturdy, broken-in walking shoes with good grip (uneven stone surfaces)
- Sun Protection: Wide-brimmed hat, high SPF sunscreen, sunglasses
- Hydration: Refillable water bottle (2+ liters capacity)
- Clothing: Light, breathable, loose-fitting clothes; shoulders/knees covered for respect
- Daypack: Comfortable to carry all essentials
Photography Equipment:
- Camera body with good low-light performance
- Wide-angle lens (16-35mm equivalent) for temples/columns
- Zoom lens (24-105mm) for versatility
- Polarizing filter to reduce glare on stone
- Lens cleaning kit (dust is constant)
- Extra batteries and memory cards
- Small tripod or monopod (check site policies)
Chapter 5: Photography-Specific Guidance for Luxor
5.1 Capturing the Essence: Beyond Snapshot Tourism
Luxor presents extraordinary photographic opportunities that reward thoughtful approach. The challenge isn't taking pictures—it's creating images that convey the scale, artistry, and atmosphere of these ancient spaces. Based on our professional experience leading photography tours, here are techniques for elevating your Luxor photography [citation:4][citation:6].
Temple Photography Techniques:
- Golden Hour Glory: Schedule Karnak visits for late afternoon when raking light emphasizes textures
- Human Scale: Include people (discreetly) to communicate monumental proportions
- Leading Lines: Use colonnades, pathways, and shadows to guide the eye
- Detail Abstracts: Focus on patterns—hieroglyphic repetitions, column textures, shadow plays
- Night Atmosphere: Luxor Temple's night illumination creates dramatic contrast
Tomb Photography Challenges:
- Master available light photography (flash destroys pigments and is prohibited)
- Use high ISO settings (modern cameras handle 3200+ ISO well)
- Stabilize against walls (tripods rarely allowed)
- Focus on well-lit sections of wall paintings
- Capture the experience—the descent into tombs, the confined spaces
📸 Pro Insight: The Photographer's Luxor Day
The ideal photographic day in Luxor begins before dawn: (1) Sunrise shots of the Nile and West Bank cliffs from the East Bank, (2) Valley of the Kings at opening (soft light, few crowds), (3) Midday break during harsh light (review images, lunch, rest), (4) Hatshepsut Temple late afternoon (terraces glow), (5) Karnak for golden hour (magical light through columns), (6) Luxor Temple at dusk into night (two completely different moods). This rhythm maximizes photographic opportunities while managing energy and heat.
5.2 Ethical Photography in Sacred Spaces
As photographers, we have responsibility toward these irreplaceable monuments:
Do:
- Follow all site regulations regarding flash, tripods, and restricted areas
- Be respectful of other visitors—don't monopolize viewpoints
- Ask permission before photographing people (especially locals)
- Use your images to promote preservation and understanding
Don't:
- Never touch painted surfaces (oils from skin damage pigments)
- Avoid using intense LED lights that can fade colors
- Don't climb on ruins for "better angles"
- Avoid disruptive behavior that gives photographers a bad name
Chapter 6: Integrating Luxor into Your Egyptian Journey
Recommended Egypt Tours Including Luxor
Luxor is the crown jewel of any Egyptian itinerary. Our photography-focused tours ensure you experience its wonders with expert guidance, optimal timing, and creative support. Here are our recommended tours that include comprehensive Luxor exploration:
7-Day Egypt Discovery Photography Tour
Luxor Coverage: Two full days dedicated to East and West Bank exploration with sunrise and sunset photography sessions. Includes Valley of the Kings, Karnak, Hatshepsut Temple, plus felucca sail on the Nile for unique river perspectives.
Photography Focus: Guided photographic instruction at each site, optimal timing for light, post-processing workshop for your Luxor images.
Cairo & Giza 2-Day Tour with Optional Luxor Extension
Flexible Option: Perfect for travelers with limited time who want to add Luxor as an extension. We arrange flights, transfers, and a condensed but comprehensive one-day Luxor itinerary covering highlights with photographic guidance.
Egypt Honeymoon Photography Tour
Romantic Luxor: Private, intimate exploration of Luxor's sites at less crowded times. Includes special photography sessions at dramatic locations like the colonnades of Karnak at golden hour and the West Bank at sunset.
Egypt Family Photography Tour
Family-Friendly Luxor: Engaging, educational exploration paced for families. Focuses on storytelling through the sites, interactive elements, and capturing authentic family moments against ancient backdrops.
6.1 Combining Luxor with Other Destinations
Classic Nile Route:
Luxor sits at the heart of the classic Nile itinerary. Typical flow:
- Cairo/Giza (2-3 days): Pyramids, Egyptian Museum, Islamic Cairo
- Fly to Aswan (2 days): Philae Temple, Abu Simbel (optional), felucca sailing
- Nile Cruise or Train to Luxor (3-4 days): East and West Bank exploration
- Optional Red Sea extension (2-4 days): Relaxation in Hurghada or Marsa Alam
Luxor as a Standalone Destination:
With direct international flights increasingly available, Luxor can be a focused 4-5 day trip. This allows deeper exploration, including:
- Additional West Bank sites (Valley of the Queens, Nobles' Tombs)
- Day trip to Dendera and Abydos temples (north of Luxor)
- More time for photography at optimal hours
- Hot air balloon ride over West Bank at sunrise
Chapter 7: The Deeper Understanding – Context for Active Minds
7.1 Understanding What You're Seeing: Symbolism in Stone
Beyond the obvious grandeur, Luxor's monuments communicate complex theological and political concepts through standardized symbols. Recognizing these adds layers of meaning:
Architectural Symbolism:
- Temple as Cosmic Model: Floor rises, ceiling lowers as you proceed inward—representing the primordial mound emerging from waters at creation
- Column Forms: Lotus (creation), papyrus (Lower Egypt), palm (eternity), composite (unity)
- Axis Alignment: Temples oriented east-west (sun's path) or toward specific celestial events
- Pylon Gateways: Represent the horizon between earth and sky, often decorated with pharaoh smiting enemies
Artistic Conventions:
- Hierarchical Scale: Important figures depicted larger
- Composite Perspective: Figures shown in most recognizable aspect (face profile, eye frontal, shoulders frontal, hips profile)
- Color Symbolism: Red (chaos, desert), black (fertility, resurrection), blue (water, sky), gold (flesh of gods)
- Royal Iconography: Different crowns (white-Upper Egypt, red-Lower Egypt, double-unified), false beard (divine authority), crook and flail (rule and fertility)
7.2 Theban Theology: Amun-Ra and the Opet Festival
Luxor's religious significance centered on the Theban triad—Amun (hidden one), his consort Mut (mother), and their son Khonsu (moon). During the New Kingdom, Amun merged with the sun god Ra to become Amun-Ra, king of the gods. The annual Opet Festival, when divine statues traveled from Karnak to Luxor Temple, reinforced this theology and the pharaoh's divine role. Understanding this context transforms temple exploration from admiring ruins to participating in ancient ritual geography.
Recommended Reading/Viewing Before Your Visit:
- Books: "The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt" by Richard Wilkinson, "The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt"
- Documentaries: BBC's "Egypt" with Joann Fletcher, "Secrets of the Saqqara Tomb" (Netflix)
- Online Resources: Theban Mapping Project website, Digital Karnak (UCLA)
- Our Tour Advantage: Guides provide this context onsite, connecting what you read to what you see
Preservation Matters: Being a Responsible Traveler
Luxor's monuments face ongoing threats from tourism, climate change, and groundwater. Your visit contributes to both the challenge and solution:
How to Minimize Your Impact:
- Stay on Designated Paths: Every footstep erodes surfaces
- Never Touch Decorations: Oils, moisture, and pressure damage fragile pigments and stone
- Respect All Barriers: They protect both you and the monuments
- Use Reusable Water Bottles: Reduce plastic waste
- Choose Responsible Operators: Companies that follow ethical guidelines and contribute to preservation
- Consider Donating: To organizations like the American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE)
Walk with Pharaohs on a Truly Transformative Journey
Luxor offers more than photographs to take home—it offers perspective to carry forward. Standing where pharaohs planned their eternity, where artisans created beauty meant to last forever, where millennia of human aspiration are carved in stone, changes how one sees our place in time's continuum.
As Egypt's premier photography tour company, we bridge the gap between mere sightseeing and deep understanding, between snapshot-taking and image-making. Our expert guides—equal parts Egyptologists and photographers—ensure you leave with both magnificent photographs and profound insights.
Ready to walk with pharaohs? Let us guide your steps through ancient Thebes.
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